Sensory Processing Skills and School Functions in School-Aged Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Gender-Based Analysis

Abstract

Sensory processing skills are important for school functioning, learning and school participation. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may need additional support in the school context. This study aims to assess sensory processing skills and school functions in children with ADHD, focusing on gender differences. We included 118 children of whom 57 had ADHD and 61 were typically developing peers. Sensory processing skills were assessed with the Sensory Integration and Praxis Test subtests (Postrotary Nystagmus, Standing Walk and Balance, Bilateral Motor Coordination), and school functioning was evaluated using the School Function Assessment. Results showed that children with ADHD had worse sensory processing skills and school function, regardless of gender (p < 0.05). In girls with ADHD, Bilateral Motor Coordination emerged as a significant predictor across some sub-parameters of school functioning (Participation: p = 0.022; task supports: p = 0.020; physical tasks: p = 0.012). In boys, balance was particularly significant predictor of physical (p = 0.008) and cognitive functioning (p = 0.008). Boys with ADHD had more difficulty than girls in cognitive/behavioral task adaptations, setup and cleaning, and eating/drinking. Recognizing gender differences among these children is essential for health professionals to deliver more effective and individualized support interventions.