WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14627/6

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Avatar: a Film at the Center of the Feminine Other
(Univ Pittsburgh, Univ Library System, 2025) Dereboyu, Pelin Guregen; Guzel, Ebru; Olaru, Gabriela Oana; Ayberk, Erhan
This study analyzes James Cameron's 2009 film Avatar from the perspective of the feminine other through deconstruction. In the movie, nature and the Na'vi people are depicted as feminine, while modern man and the science, technology, and military power he represents are portrayed as masculine. Although it critiques the colonialist structure of modernity, the film's narrative structure and character portrayals indicate that it reproduces the superiority of Western-centered ideology and the masculine mind. The study analyzes how the film's narrative and character representations implicitly support masculine centrism. The analysis reveals how nature and marginalized cultures are romanticized and presented in the film and how the notion that the feminine can only survive by adopting masculine traits is processed in the subtext. Grounded in a conceptual and theoretical framework, this research focuses on the sustainability of the patriarchal capitalist system and gender politics while critically examining how cinema reconstructs ideological structures through the narratives in the film.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Design and Development of a New Tactile Stimulator
(Ieee, 2019) Kazma, Coskun; Levent, Vecdi Emre; Aydin, Nizamettin
We have designed and implement a tactile stimulator to obtain information from the central nervous system. Our system consists of two main components. The first one is tactile stimulator, which was designed to stimulate index and middle finger tips, stimulating mechanoreceptors according to the test protocol. Second one is a personal computer running a desktop software for the implementation of test protocols. The flow is as follows; the subjects are asked the question of the test protocol through the personal computer. The parameters are then transmitted to the embedded board on the machine. The embedded board drives step motors to apply the relevant test parameters. The desktop software expects the individual to answer the question using the right or the left mouse button of the computer mouse. After answering the relevant question, the test proceeds to the next step. According to the test protocol, the stimulation process of the mechanoreceptors located at the index and middle finger tips must start and terminate at the same time. From this perspective, the embedded board with 3 18F46K22 PIC microcontrollers produces 2 square wave signals with different frequencies and amplitudes at the same time. The embedded system card developed with the PIC microcontroller is also developed with FPGA. The system has also been tested on 24 blue and white collar employees and a significant result has been obtained.
Evaluation of Labor Market Issues in Sport and Exercise Environment in Turkey
(Taylor and Francis, 2021) Ersöz, G.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 4
Fpga Based Dco-Ofdm Phy Transceiver for Vlc Systems
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019) Levent, V.E.; Uysal, M.; Saglam, G.; Ugurdag, H.F.; Fajar Rizqi Annafianto, N.; Aydin, F.; Kebapci, B.
Satisfying the demand for high bandwidth and low latency in Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems is a difficult challenge. VLC channels exhibit frequency-selectiveness at peak-speeds. This phenomenon generates a serious inter-symbol interference effect. A physical layer (PHY) design that can carry out physical layer communication tasks to overcome all these strains is required. In this study, an FPGA based PHY design that implements DCO-OFDM algorithm is described for VLC systems. A demo was performed with the developed PHY design using an LED transmitter and a photodetector receiver. © 2019 Chamber of Turkish Electrical Engineers.
From Global Evidence to Local Action Plan: A Novel Building Decarbonization Maturity Scale and Roadmap for nZEB Office Buildings in Developing Contexts − Case of Türkiye
(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Karanfil, B.Y.; Kayaçetin, N.C.; Tereci, A.; Bıyıklı, N.; Kılınç Gilisıralıoğlu, M.; Karaer, D.
To effectively combat climate change, various policies and strategies are being developed to reduce emissions by 2050. The construction sector assumes a pivotal role in achieving decarbonization targets. It is imperative to acknowledge the potential of practices in developing countries, which can provide the critical part of carbon reduction on a global scale. In this context, Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) are attracting global attention as a key component of sustainable construction and urban regeneration. Despite high level of energy efficiency and potential to utilize renewable energy, nZEBs have not found widespread application in developing countries. This study benefits from a systematic review of the whole-life decarbonization process of nZEB office buildings. The study evaluated policy frameworks, implementation, and potential emission reduction strategies through energy efficiency measures, material selection, and the integration of renewable energy. In response, the study proposes a structured, context-sensitive decarbonization maturity scale and roadmap to guide policy and practice in developing countries and utilized Türkiye as a case study example. The findings reveal that Türkiye’s current nZEB definition positions it at Level 2 (Emerging) on the decarbonization maturity scale. The country’s high carbon intensity signals the urgency of prioritizing demand reduction and efficiency. Despite enhancements, nZEB offices in Türkiye exhibit high carbon emissions, with operational emissions ranging from 7.5 to 35 kgCO2-eq/m2/year and embodied carbon from 182 to 201 kgCO2-eq/m2. As a result, the maturity scale identifies leverage points offering a mechanism to benchmark progress and accelerate climate action in line with international examples approaching Level 5. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Integration of Artificial Intelligence Tools into Interior Architecture Education: A Study on Textual and Visual Representations
(Univ Cueca, 2025) Deval, Ozge; Kosencig, Kamile Ozturk; Acirli, Zeynep
Despite numerous Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in the field, there is currently a lack of empirical evidence supporting their integration into design education, as well as limitations due to the novelty of these applications. Therefore, this study proposes a workflow integrating AI-assisted ideation and visualization into interior architecture education. An empirical study was conducted with six interior architecture students.The design process has been researched in addition to capturing the functional limitations and difficulties encountered by students who experienced the suggested educational framework.The findings were analyzed using descriptive analysis, a qualitative research method.Findings revealed that AI tools can effectively support the early design phase with the recommended workflow. However, participants often struggled to apply it critically, relying heavily on AI suggestions.This study provides a novel perspective by elucidating the potential benefits, challenges and impacts of AI applications in interior architecture education.
Machine Learning Model for Predicting Multidrug Resistance in Clinical Escherichia Coli Isolates: A Retrospective General Surgery Study
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025) Tolan, H.K.; Aydın, İ.; Tanyildizi-Kökkülünk, H.; Karakuş, M.; Akkaya, Y.; Kaya, O.; Işman, F.K.
Background/Objectives: Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of surgical site infections (SSIs) and poses a growing public health concern due to its increasing antimicrobial resistance. High rates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production among E. coli strains complicate treatment outcomes and emphasize the need for effective surveillance and control strategies. Methods: A total of 691 E. coli isolates from general surgery clinics (2020–2025) were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility data and patient variables were cleaned, encoded, and used to predict resistance using the Random Forest, CatBoost, and Naive Bayes algorithms. SMOTE addressed class imbalance, and model performance was assessed through various validation methods. Results: Among the three machine learning models tested, Random Forest (RF) showed the best performance in predicting antibiotic resistance of E. coli, achieving median accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-scores of 0.90 and AUC values up to 0.99 for key antibiotics. CatBoost performed similarly but was less stable with imbalanced data, while Naive Bayes showed lower accuracy. Feature importance analysis highlighted strong inter-antibiotic resistance links, especially among β-lactams, and some influence of demographic factors. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of simple, high-performing models using structured clinical data to predict antimicrobial resistance, especially in resource-limited clinical settings. By incorporating machine learning into antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance systems, our goal is to support the advancement of rapid diagnostics and targeted antimicrobial stewardship approaches, which are essential in addressing the growing challenge of multidrug resistance. © 2025 by the authors.
Marketing Ethics and Ethical Issues Related To Marketing Communication
(Springer-verlag Singapore Pte Ltd, 2018) Sayil, Emine Mediha
[No Abstract Available]
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 2
Morphological and Biochemical Investigation of the Protective Effects of Panax Ginseng on Methotrexate-Induced Testicular Damage
(Istanbul Univ, 2023) Karakaya-Cimen, Fatma Bedia; Macit, Caglar; Sivas, Guzin Goksun; Akbay, Tugba Tunali; Sener, Goksel; Ercan, Feriha
Objective: Methotrexate (MTX) is a chemotherapeutic agent that causes testicular toxicity used in the cure of various types of cancer. The anti-oxidant and anti-cancer effects of Panax ginseng (PxG) have been reported in both experimental and clinical studies. This study aims to examine the healing effect of PxG on testicular damage induced by MTX. Materials and Methods: Sprague Dawley male rats (8-week-olds) were used in the study. A single dose ofMTXdissolved in saline (20 mg/kg) was given to MTX and MTX+PxG groups by intraperitoneal injection. PxG dissolved in saline (100 mg/kg) was given by orogastric gavage once a day for 5 days to the MTX+PxG group. Saline was given to the control and MTX groups orally during the experiments. After decapitation, the testis sampleswere obtained. Seminiferous tubules and basement membranewere evaluated histopathologically. Seminiferous tubule diameter and germinal epithelium thickness were measured. Furthermore, oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase were measured. Results: MTX treatment caused seminiferous tubule degeneration with a decrease in Johnsen's score, the seminiferous tubule's diameter, and the germinal epithelium's thickness. Parallel with the histopathological results increased testicular oxidative stress with an increase in malondialdehyde level and a decrease of endogenous anti-oxidant activity with a decrease in glutathione level and glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase activities. PxG treatment improved these histological and biochemical parameters in MTX-induced testis cytotoxicity. Conclusion: MTX treatment causes testicular damage via the oxidative processes. PxG treatment ameliorates MTX-induced testicular damage by inhibiting oxidative stress.
Parametric Trigger Signal Generation With Microcontroller and Fpga Based Architectures
(Ieee, 2019) Kazma, Coskun; Levent, Vecdi Emre; Aydin, Nizamettin
A new system to obtain information from the central nervous system has been developed. Our system consists of two main components. The first of these components is the machine, which is located on the index and middle finger tips, stimulating mechanoreceptors according to the test protocol. The other is a personal computer running a desktop software for the implementation of test protocols. The flow is as follows. The subjects are asked the question of the test protocol through the personal computer. The parameters are then transmitted to the embedded system board on the machine. The embedded system board takes step motors to apply the relevant test parameters. The desktop software expects the subject to answer the question using the right and/or the left mouse button of the computer mouse. After answering the relevant question, the test proceeds to the next step. According to the test protocol, the stimulation process of the mechanoreceptors located at the index and middle finger tips must start and terminate at the same time. From this perspective, the embedded system board with 3 18F46K22 PIC microcontrollers produces 2 square wave signals with different frequencies and amplitudes simultaneously. The embedded system card developed with the PIC microcontroller is also implemented on an FPGA. The system has also been tested on 24 blue- and white-collar employees and a significant result has been obtained.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 7
The Perceptions of Generation Z University Students About Their Futures: A Qualitative Study
(MDPI, 2023) Dikec, Gul; Ozturk, Simge; Tasbasi, Neslihan; Figenergul, Damla; Guler, Bilal Bugrahan
This study explored the future-oriented perceptions of Generation Z students in a foundation university. This study was conducted using qualitative research and a phenomenological design. The study sample consisted of 11 university students over the age of 18 who agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected online through individual interviews in Turkiye. Colaizzi's phenomenological analysis method was used in the data analysis. The content analysis determined three main themes and eleven sub-themes. The first theme was the students' knowledge acquisition about the "current situation of the country." Under this theme were four sub-themes: economic problems, the immigrant situation, the education and justice system, and the country's agenda. In the second theme, students shared their opinions about "being a student in the country." This theme included economic impossibilities, their participation in limited social activities, and housing problems. In the last theme, "future anxiety," the sub-themes of the students were found to include experiences hopelessness versus hope. Uncertainty caused anxiety, as did going abroad, finding a job, and improving themselves. It was determined that the participants were worried about the current situation in the countries they lived in during this period due to economic problems; while some were hopeful about the future, some were hopeless and would go abroad. This study might contribute to the literature on determining the future-oriented perceptions, possible stressors and hope levels of Generation Z university students in Turkiye. Additionally, intervention programs can be developed for the management these stressors to protect the mental health of Generation Z university students. On the other hand, it is necessary to protect the mental health of young people, who are the adults of the future, and to create policies for the youth of this country where social opportunities are maintained.
Protective Effects of Cuscuta Sp. Against Cardiorenal Injury in Bile Duct-Ligated Rats
(Istanbul Univ, 2025) Hatipoglu, Bilge Nur; Ozbeyli, Dilek; Sen, Ali; Cevik, Ozge; Ercan, Feriha; Albayrak, Omercan; Sener, Goksel
Objective: Bile duct ligation (BDL) obstructs bile flow, resulting in bile and toxic substances buildup that causes liver damage. This study investigated the protective effects of Cuscuta sp. methanol extract (CUS) against cardiorenal injury in bile duct-ligated rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were categorised into four groups: Control (C), CUS, BDL, and BDL+CUS. The C and BDL groups received saline, whereas the other groups received oral 250 mg/kg CUS. After 28 days, blood, kidney, and heart tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological analyses. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), direct bilirubin (DB), and total bilirubin (TB) levels were analysed to determine liver function, while Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and hydroxyproline (HYP) levels were evaluated for fibrosis, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels alongside Na+/K+-ATPase activity were analysed to assess oxidative stress and membrane injury in the heart and renal tissues. Results: AST, ALT, DB, and TB levels were significantly elevated in the BDL group compared with the C group; however, the levels were distinctly lower in the BDL+CUS group than in the BDL group. Additionally, in both tissues, TGF-beta, HYP, and 8-OHdG levels were higher in the BDL group than in the C group, but decreased in the BDL+CUS group, with Na+/K+-ATPase activity being lower in BDL group compared with the C group and significantly increased in BDL+CUS group. Conclusion: CUS has protective effects against oxidative damage and offers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits against cholestasis-induced tissue injury.
Psycho-Social Impact of the Disaster on Employees in Terms of Occupational Health and Safety: The Case of Turkey
(Springer-Verlag Singapore Pte Ltd, 2025) Aytac, Sevinc Serpil; Akalp, Husre Gizem; Bilir, Burcu Ongen; Mamaci, Merve
The earthquakes that occurred in Maras, Turkey, on February 6, 2023, with intensities of 7.7 MW and 7.6 MW, deeply affected the lives of millions of people in economic, social and psychological terms within a few seconds and caused loss of life. The aim of this study is to examine the moderator role of disaster preparedness plans in workplaces on the relationship between post-traumatic stress levels and depression, anxiety, stress levels of people who are directly or indirectly exposed to these earthquakes and have an active work life. The data was obtained from a total of 206 blue-collar employees who were actively working in a private company and were directly and indirectly exposed to the effects of the earthquake. In data collection, demographic information form, The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) were used. According to the findings analyzed using structural equation modeling showed that having a disaster preparedness plan in workplaces weakens the strength of the relationship between post-traumatic stress level and depression, anxiety, stress levels.
Psychological Effects of Robotic Rehabilitation in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review
(BMC, 2025) Ibrahim, Ismail A.; Mounir, Mennatallah M.; Hussein, Omar; Parnian, Nadieh; Sefertas, Ece; Ravanbod, Amin; Arican, Tuna Eren
IntroductionSpinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with severe physical, psychological, and social burdens. Robotic rehabilitation, especially robotic-assisted gait training, is increasingly used to improve functional recovery. Nonetheless, its psychological effects which are key to motivation, compliance, and long-term prognosis have received little scrutiny.MethodsWe conducted a narrative review across five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase) from inception to January 2025. Studies were included if they evaluated robotic rehabilitation in SCI and reported psychological outcomes. Findings were synthesized thematically into domains of anxiety/technophobia, motivation/engagement, self-efficacy/dependence, and frustration/quality of life.ResultsRobotic systems frequently improved autonomy, motivation, and self-confidence, which corresponded to less depression and a better quality of life. Nevertheless, negative effects including technophobia, frustration from technological malfunction, and loss of self-efficacy from excessive dependence were found. Patient experiences ranged: empowerment and new optimism were reported by some patients, whereas others experienced the devices as complicated, emotionally alienating, or inadequately adjustable.DiscussionRobotic rehabilitation has a dual psychological effect. On one hand, it encourages engagement and emotional resilience; on the other, it carries risks of interdependence and diminished autonomy. There are ethical issues to be resolved access disparities, data protection, and preserving human connection that require careful management. The inclusion of psychological screening, education of patients, and specific goal-setting within protocols can maximize results.ConclusionRobotic rehabilitation is highly capable of promoting progress after SCI if psychological considerations are completely incorporated into rehabilitation interventions. A multimodal approach that is interdisciplinary and ethically solid is required to achieve optimized functional improvement as well as psychosocial health.
Citation - WoS: 3
Psychometrics of Stanford Presenteeism Scale-Short Form in Turkish
(Cordus, 2022) Teoman, Ezgi; Seren, Arzu Kader Harmanci
AIM: Presenteeism means that employees feel obliged to go to work even if there is a real problem that they cannot work.The main purpose is to to adapt the "Stanford Presenteeism Scale-Short Form" into Turkish on Nurses. METHOD: This is a methodological study. The study sample included the nurses working at the medical and surgical clinics of two public hospitals in 2017 in Istanbul. A total of 290 nurses participated in the study. Language, content, construct validities, total item correlation analysis, Kaiser Meyer Olkin, Bartlett tests, confirmatory and explanatory factor analysis (EFA), stability, and Cronbach's alpha reliability analyses were tested. RESULTS: The content validity index of the scale was.92. Two items that have correlation values below.40 were removed from the Turkish form. Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was.762. The structure of the four-item and single-factor Turkish form was confirmed. CONCLUSION: Stanford Presenteeism Scale-Short Form is a valid and reliable tool for the nurses in Turkey. It is recommended to be used among nurses in different studies. Hospital and nursing care service managers should deal with "presenteeism," since it is becoming a critical health human resource workforce issue. Health care managers may use this tool to evaluate the presenteeism level of their employees.
Reading Basic Design Principles Through Modern Architectural Structures
(Nilay Ozsavas Ulucay, 2023) Yıldırım Coruk, İ.
Basic design principles are taught within the scope of basic design education in the first-year studios. Basic design education and its content have different dimensions from the education system the student previously received due to its structure and difficulty comprehending because it contains new literature for the student and often has abstract educational content. On the other hand, the students have difficulty perceiving the information acquired in this course and question how they can benefit from it in the following years and professional life. Therefore, the aim of the study is to analyze the basic design principles through modern architectural structures. In the study created by qualitative research method, the data were obtained by analyzing the principles mentioned in the determined examples. These examples were selected among the Bauhaus and later modern buildings by considering the role of the Bauhaus school, where the basic design principles emerged in the spread of modern architecture, and the scope of the study was created. As a result of the study, concrete uses and equivalents of basic design principles were revealed with the determined examples. Thus, data on how students will benefit from basic design principles have been revealed. © 2023, Nilay OZSAVAS ULUCAY. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 1
Solving the Sales Problem of a Poultry Meat Company With Thinking Process
(Future Acad, 2019) Onursal, Fatma Serab; Aydin, Selman; Birgun, Semra
The use of new technology in order to achieve real improvement and to increase productivity in a business can be effective in the long term only through the correct analysis of the current status of the business. After the current status is detected, the improvement studies should be continued towards the existing constraints and the studies for eliminating new constraints that will occur at certain time intervals should be repeated. Unless improvement can be sustained, long-term solutions cannot be in question. In family foundations or charitable foundations; factors such as close relationships, special connection, and lack of education come to the forefront, and bulky organizations prevent innovative developments. There is a need for approaches that see the business as a whole and predict the future by uncovering the real situation. One of them is Theory of Constraints. In this paper, a case study is presented in which the problems arising from production and planning, sales and management mistakes in a food business, which is a charitable foundation, were elevated with the application of Theory of Constraints. In the study, the steps such as Current Reality Tree, the Evaporating Cloud and the Future Reality Tree from the Thinking Process were realized. As a result of putting the recommendations into practice, significant improvements were made in the business under examination. (C) 2019 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org .UK
Sts: AI-Driven Smart Test Scenario Generation Tool
(IEEE, 2025) Baglum, Cem; Yayan, Ugur
One of the most critical steps in the software testing lifecycle, test scenario generation, reduces process efficiency due to its high time and resource requirements. As an innovative solution to this issue, the Smart Test Scenario Tool (STS) has been developed. Smart Test Scenario Tool (STS) enhances contextual accuracy and automation in test scenario generation by analyzing documents in xlsx, py, cpp, txt, and docx formats using large language models. This approach minimizes time loss, and the risk of errors encountered in traditional manual testing processes while transforming test procedures into a context-driven and systematic framework, offering an innovative contribution to the literature. Strengthened with a Streamlit interface, MongoDB-supported database management, and Ollama integration, the system enables the test scenario generation process, a critical component of the software testing cycle, to be conducted more efficiently and reliably. The validity of the study was confirmed through two distinct projects, the first implemented in Python and the second in C++.
The Current Face of Mosaic Art: Flacking Istanbul Examples
(Bursa Uludag University, 2025) Ural, A.G.
French artist Ememem is an anonymous artist who started producing his artworks in the city of Lyon in 2016. The unknown street artist brought a contemporary perspective to the art of mosaic by decorating or patching the sidewalks with mosaic art. The term ‘flacking’, which he developed to express the combination of various fields such as upcycling, street art, mosaic art, is becoming increasingly common and attracting the attention of local municipalities. The aim of this study is to discuss the art of flacking, which is a face of mosaic art, which is a very old branch of art, derived from current terms. In terms of scope, examples from Istanbul will be tried to be found and compared with foreign examples. French artist Ememem is an anonymous artist who started producing his artworks in the city of Lyon in 2016. The unknown street artist brought a contemporary perspective to the art of mosaic by decorating or patching the sidewalks with mosaic art. The term ‘flacking’, which he developed to express the combination of various fields such as upcycling, street art, mosaic art, is becoming increasingly common and attracting the attention of local municipalities. The aim of this study is to discuss the art of flacking, which is a face of mosaic art, which is a very old branch of art, derived from current terms. Examples from around the world show how mosaic art can be transformed into impressive and meaningful projects in public spaces. However, it has been seen that modern mosaic trials are still insufficient in our country. It has been determined that for the development of mosaic art, various courses, workshops, contemporary examples to be applied in public spaces and initiatives should be made in order not to lose this valuable art. © (2025), All Rights Reserved.
Toc-Thinking Process Approach for Problem Solving in Trademark Registration Process
(Future Acad, 2019) Birgun, Semra; Erol, Serpil; Alpar, A. Arzu Ceylan
Industry 4.0 has caused many changes in commerce as well as in industry. Institutions should therefore revise their strategies and make strategic decisions that will adapt to today's digital world. In the current physical or digital business competition environment, firms want to make their products more attractive by branding and delivering them to large masses. A brand is a feature that separates the product or company from the others and is an advantage both the produces and the consumer. Firms have a wider market share by ensuring the transportation and awareness of its products, and while ensuring its sustainability, consumers can gain prestige, protect their rights, and so on. The trademark must be registered in order to be valid. However, when the application was made in Turkey rejection rate of the brand has increased steadily. This situation causes great waste for the applicant and the applicant institution. In this paper, a study has been conducted with the aim of revealing how problems should be resolved by investigating the causes of rejection of applications and thus increasing the acceptance rate. In this study, Thinking Processes application was made within the framework of the Theory of Constraints approach, which aims to achieve continuous improvement by removing constraints. Thus, it is foreseen that there will be a guide on the possible mistakes of the firm managers who will make a trademark application and how these problems can be resolved. (C) 2019 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org .UK

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